Standard library header <concepts> (C++20)

 

C++

Compiler support

Freestanding and hosted

Language

Standard library

Standard library headers

Named requirements

Feature test macros (C++20)

Language support library

Concepts library (C++20)

Metaprogramming library (C++11)

Diagnostics library

General utilities library

Strings library

Containers library

Iterators library

Ranges library (C++20)

Algorithms library

Numerics library

Localizations library

Input/output library

Filesystem library (C++17)

Regular expressions library (C++11)

Concurrency support library (C++11)

Technical specifications

Symbols index

External libraries

 

Standard library headers

Language support
<cstddef> <cstdlib> <version> (C++20) <limits> <climits>	<cfloat> <cstdint> (C++11) <stdfloat> (C++23) <new> <typeinfo>	<source_location> (C++20) <exception> <initializer_list> (C++11) <compare> (C++20)	<coroutine> (C++20) <csignal> <csetjmp> <cstdarg>
Concepts
<concepts> (C++20)
Diagnostics
<stdexcept> <stacktrace> (C++23)	<cassert>	<cerrno>	<system_error> (C++11)
Memory management
<memory>	<memory_resource> (C++17)	<scoped_allocator> (C++11)
Metaprogramming
<type_traits> (C++11)	<ratio> (C++11)
General utilities
<utility> <tuple> (C++11) <optional> (C++17) <variant> (C++17)	<any> (C++17) <expected> (C++23) <bitset>	<functional> <typeindex> (C++11) <execution> (C++17)	<charconv> (C++17) <format> (C++20) <bit> (C++20)
Strings
<string_view> (C++17) <string>	<cctype> <cwctype>	<cstring> <cwchar>	<cuchar> (C++11)
Containers
<array> (C++11) <deque> <forward_list> (C++11) <list>	<vector> <map> <set> <unordered_map> (C++11)	<unordered_set> (C++11) <queue> <stack> <flat_map> (C++23)	<flat_set> (C++23) <span> (C++20) <mdspan> (C++23)
Iterators
<iterator>
Ranges
<ranges> (C++20)	<generator> (C++23)
Algorithms
<algorithm>	<numeric>
Numerics
<cfenv> (C++11) <complex>	<random> (C++11) <valarray>	<cmath>	<numbers> (C++20)
Time
<chrono> (C++11)	<ctime>
Localization
<locale>	<clocale>	<codecvt> (C++11/17*)
Input/output
<iosfwd> <iostream> <ios> <streambuf>	<istream> <ostream> <iomanip> <print> (C++23)	<sstream> <spanstream> (C++23) <fstream> <syncstream> (C++20)	<filesystem> (C++17) <cstdio> <cinttypes> (C++11) <strstream> (C++98*)
Regular expressions
<regex> (C++11)
Concurrency support
<stop_token> (C++20) <thread> (C++11) <atomic> (C++11)	<stdatomic.h> (C++23) <mutex> (C++11) <shared_mutex> (C++14)	<condition_variable> (C++11)   <semaphore> (C++20) <latch> (C++20)	<barrier> (C++20) <future> (C++11)
C compatibility
<cstdbool> (C++11/17/20*)   <ccomplex> (C++11/17/20*)	<ctgmath> (C++11/17/20*)	<cstdalign> (C++11/17/20*)	<ciso646> (until C++20)

 

This header is part of the concepts library.

Concepts
Core language concepts
same_as (C++20)	specifies that a type is the same as another type (concept)
derived_from (C++20)	specifies that a type is derived from another type (concept)
convertible_to (C++20)	specifies that a type is implicitly convertible to another type (concept)
common_reference_with (C++20)	specifies that two types share a common reference type (concept)
common_with (C++20)	specifies that two types share a common type (concept)
integral (C++20)	specifies that a type is an integral type (concept)
signed_integral (C++20)	specifies that a type is an integral type that is signed (concept)
unsigned_integral (C++20)	specifies that a type is an integral type that is unsigned (concept)
floating_point (C++20)	specifies that a type is a floating-point type (concept)
assignable_from (C++20)	specifies that a type is assignable from another type (concept)
swappableswappable_with (C++20)	specifies that a type can be swapped or that two types can be swapped with each other (concept)
destructible (C++20)	specifies that an object of the type can be destroyed (concept)
constructible_from (C++20)	specifies that a variable of the type can be constructed from or bound to a set of argument types (concept)
default_initializable (C++20)	specifies that an object of a type can be default constructed (concept)
move_constructible (C++20)	specifies that an object of a type can be move constructed (concept)
copy_constructible (C++20)	specifies that an object of a type can be copy constructed and move constructed (concept)
Comparison concepts
equality_comparableequality_comparable_with (C++20)	specifies that operator == is an equivalence relation (concept)
totally_orderedtotally_ordered_with (C++20)	specifies that the comparison operators on the type yield a total order (concept)
Object concepts
movable (C++20)	specifies that an object of a type can be moved and swapped (concept)
copyable (C++20)	specifies that an object of a type can be copied, moved, and swapped (concept)
semiregular (C++20)	specifies that an object of a type can be copied, moved, swapped, and default constructed (concept)
regular (C++20)	specifies that a type is regular, that is, it is both semiregular and equality_comparable (concept)
Callable concepts
invocableregular_invocable (C++20)	specifies that a callable type can be invoked with a given set of argument types (concept)
predicate (C++20)	specifies that a callable type is a Boolean predicate (concept)
relation (C++20)	specifies that a callable type is a binary relation (concept)
equivalence_relation (C++20)	specifies that a relation imposes an equivalence relation (concept)
strict_weak_order (C++20)	specifies that a relation imposes a strict weak ordering (concept)
Customization point objects
ranges::swap (C++20)	swaps the values of two objects (customization point object)

Synopsis

namespace std {
  // language-related concepts
  // concept same_as
  template<class T, class U>
    concept same_as = /* see description */;
 
  // concept derived_from
  template<class Derived, class Base>
    concept derived_from = /* see description */;
 
  // concept convertible_to
  template<class From, class To>
    concept convertible_to = /* see description */;
 
  // concept common_reference_with
  template<class T, class U>
    concept common_reference_with = /* see description */;
 
  // concept common_with
  template<class T, class U>
    concept common_with = /* see description */;
 
  // arithmetic concepts
  template<class T>
    concept integral = /* see description */;
  template<class T>
    concept signed_integral = /* see description */;
  template<class T>
    concept unsigned_integral = /* see description */;
  template<class T>
    concept floating_point = /* see description */;
 
  // concept assignable_from
  template<class LHS, class RHS>
    concept assignable_from = /* see description */;
 
  // concept swappable
  namespace ranges {
    inline namespace /* unspecified */ {
      inline constexpr /* unspecified */ swap = /* unspecified */;
    }
  }
  template<class T>
    concept swappable = /* see description */;
  template<class T, class U>
    concept swappable_with = /* see description */;
 
  // concept destructible
  template<class T>
    concept destructible = /* see description */;
 
  // concept constructible_from
  template<class T, class... Args>
    concept constructible_from = /* see description */;
 
  // concept default_initializable
  template<class T>
    concept default_initializable = /* see description */;
 
  // concept move_constructible
  template<class T>
    concept move_constructible = /* see description */;
 
  // concept copy_constructible
  template<class T>
    concept copy_constructible = /* see description */;
 
  // comparison concepts
  // concept equality_comparable
  template<class T>
    concept equality_comparable = /* see description */;
  template<class T, class U>
    concept equality_comparable_with = /* see description */;
 
  // concept totally_ordered
  template<class T>
    concept totally_ordered = /* see description */;
  template<class T, class U>
    concept totally_ordered_with = /* see description */;
 
  // object concepts
  template<class T>
    concept movable = /* see description */;
  template<class T>
    concept copyable = /* see description */;
  template<class T>
    concept semiregular = /* see description */;
  template<class T>
    concept regular = /* see description */;
 
  // callable concepts
  // concept invocable
  template<class F, class... Args>
    concept invocable = /* see description */;
 
  // concept regular_invocable
  template<class F, class... Args>
    concept regular_invocable = /* see description */;
 
  // concept predicate
  template<class F, class... Args>
    concept predicate = /* see description */;
 
  // concept relation
  template<class R, class T, class U>
    concept relation = /* see description */;
 
  // concept equivalence_relation
  template<class R, class T, class U>
    concept equivalence_relation = /* see description */;
 
  // concept strict_weak_order
  template<class R, class T, class U>
    concept strict_weak_order = /* see description */;
}

Concept same_as

template<class T, class U>
  concept __SameImpl = is_same_v<T, U>;  // exposition only
 
template<class T, class U>
  concept same_as = __SameImpl<T, U> && __SameImpl<U, T>;

Concept derived_from

template<class Derived, class Base>
  concept derived_from =
    is_base_of_v<Base, Derived> &&
    is_convertible_v<const volatile Derived*, const volatile Base*>;

Concept convertible_to

template<class From, class To>
  concept convertible_to =
    is_convertible_v<From, To> &&
    requires(From (&f)()) {
      static_cast<To>(f());
    };

Concept common_reference_with

template<class T, class U>
  concept common_reference_with =
    same_as<common_reference_t<T, U>, common_reference_t<U, T>> &&
    convertible_to<T, common_reference_t<T, U>> &&
    convertible_to<U, common_reference_t<T, U>>;

Concept common_with

template<class T, class U>
  concept common_with =
    same_as<common_type_t<T, U>, common_type_t<U, T>> &&
    requires {
      static_cast<common_type_t<T, U>>(declval<T>());
      static_cast<common_type_t<T, U>>(declval<U>());
    } &&
    common_reference_with<
      add_lvalue_reference_t<const T>,
      add_lvalue_reference_t<const U>> &&
    common_reference_with<
      add_lvalue_reference_t<common_type_t<T, U>>,
      common_reference_t<
        add_lvalue_reference_t<const T>,
        add_lvalue_reference_t<const U>>>;

Concept integral

template<class T>
  concept integral = is_integral_v<T>;

Concept signed_integral

template<class T>
  concept signed_integral = integral<T> && is_signed_v<T>;

Concept unsigned_integral

template<class T>
  concept unsigned_integral = integral<T> && !signed_integral<T>;

Concept floating_point

template<class T>
  concept floating_point = is_floating_point_v<T>;

Concept assignable_from

template<class LHS, class RHS>
  concept assignable_from =
    is_lvalue_reference_v<LHS> &&
    common_reference_with<
      const remove_reference_t<LHS>&,
      const remove_reference_t<RHS>&> &&
    requires(LHS lhs, RHS&& rhs) {
      { lhs = std::forward<RHS>(rhs) } -> same_as<LHS>;

Concept swappable

template<class T>
  concept swappable = requires(T& a, T& b) { ranges::swap(a, b); };

Concept swappable_with

template<class T, class U>
  concept swappable_with =
    common_reference_with<const remove_reference_t<T>&, const remove_reference_t<U>&> &&
    requires(T&& t, U&& u) {
      ranges::swap(std::forward<T>(t), std::forward<T>(t));
      ranges::swap(std::forward<U>(u), std::forward<U>(u));
      ranges::swap(std::forward<T>(t), std::forward<U>(u));
      ranges::swap(std::forward<U>(u), std::forward<T>(t));
    };

Concept destructible

template<class T>
  concept destructible = is_nothrow_destructible_v<T>;

Concept constructible_from

template<class T, class... Args>
  concept constructible_from = destructible<T> && is_constructible_v<T, Args...>;

Concept default_initializable

template<class T>
  inline constexpr bool __is_default_initializable =
    /* see description */;  // exposition only
 
template<class T>
  concept default_initializable = constructible_from<T> &&
                                  requires{ T{}; } &&
                                  __is_default_initializable<T>;

Concept move_constructible

template<class T>
  concept move_constructible = constructible_from<T, T> && convertible_to<T, T>;

Concept copy_constructible

template<class T>
  concept copy_constructible =
    move_constructible<T> &&
    constructible_from<T, T&> && convertible_to<T&, T> &&
    constructible_from<T, const T&> && convertible_to<const T&, T> &&
    constructible_from<T, const T> && convertible_to<const T, T>;

Concept equality_comparable

template<class T, class U>
  concept __WeaklyEqualityComparableWith = // exposition only
    requires(const remove_reference_t<T>& t,
             const remove_reference_t<U>& u) {
      { t == u } -> boolean-testable;
      { t != u } -> boolean-testable;
      { u == t } -> boolean-testable;
      { u != t } -> boolean-testable;
    };
 
template<class T>
  concept equality_comparable = __WeaklyEqualityComparableWith<T, T>;

Concept equality_comparable_with

template<class T, class U>
  concept equality_comparable_with =
    equality_comparable<T> && equality_comparable<U> &&
    common_reference_with<const remove_reference_t<T>&, const remove_reference_t<U>&> &&
    equality_comparable<
      common_reference_t<
        const remove_reference_t<T>&,
        const remove_reference_t<U>&>> &&
    __WeaklyEqualityComparableWith<T, U>;

Concept totally_ordered

template<class T>
  concept totally_ordered =
    equality_comparable<T> &&
    requires(const remove_reference_t<T>& a,
             const remove_reference_t<T>& b) {
      { a <  b } -> boolean-testable;
      { a >  b } -> boolean-testable;
      { a <= b } -> boolean-testable;
      { a >= b } -> boolean-testable;
    };

Concept totally_ordered_with

template<class T, class U>
  concept totally_ordered_with =
    totally_ordered<T> && totally_ordered<U> &&
    common_reference_with<const remove_reference_t<T>&, const remove_reference_t<U>&> &&
    totally_ordered<
      common_reference_t<
        const remove_reference_t<T>&,
        const remove_reference_t<U>&>> &&
    equality_comparable_with<T, U> &&
    requires(const remove_reference_t<T>& t,
             const remove_reference_t<U>& u) {
      { t <  u } -> boolean-testable;
      { t >  u } -> boolean-testable;
      { t <= u } -> boolean-testable;
      { t >= u } -> boolean-testable;
      { u <  t } -> boolean-testable;
      { u >  t } -> boolean-testable;
      { u <= t } -> boolean-testable;
      { u >= t } -> boolean-testable;
    };

Concept movable

template<class T>
  concept movable = is_object_v<T> && move_constructible<T> &&
                    assignable_from<T&, T> && swappable<T>;

Concept copyable

template<class T>
  concept copyable = copy_constructible<T> && movable<T> && assignable_from<T&, T&> &&
                     assignable_from<T&, const T&> && assignable_from<T&, const T>;

Concept semiregular

template<class T>
  concept semiregular = copyable<T> && default_initializable<T>;

Concept regular

template<class T>
  concept regular = semiregular<T> && equality_comparable<T>;

Concept invocable

template<class F, class... Args>
  concept invocable = requires(F&& f, Args&&... args) {
    invoke(std::forward<F>(f), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
      // not required to be equality-preserving
  };

Concept regular_invocable

template<class F, class... Args>
  concept regular_invocable = invocable<F, Args...>;

Concept predicate

template<class F, class... Args>
  concept predicate =
    regular_invocable<F, Args...> && boolean-testable<invoke_result_t<F, Args...>>;

Concept relation

template<class R, class T, class U>
  concept relation =
    predicate<R, T, T> && predicate<R, U, U> &&
    predicate<R, T, U> && predicate<R, U, T>;

Concept equivalence_relation

template<class R, class T, class U>
  concept equivalence_relation = relation<R, T, U>;

Concept strict_weak_order

template<class R, class T, class U>
  concept strict_weak_order = relation<R, T, U>;