va_arg

 

C++

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Utilities library

Language support Type support (basic types, RTTI) Library feature-test macros (C++20) Dynamic memory management Program utilities Coroutine support (C++20) Variadic functions is_constant_evaluated (C++20) is_within_lifetime (C++26) initializer_list (C++11) source_location (C++20) Three-way comparison (C++20) three_way_comparablethree_way_comparable_with (C++20)(C++20) strong_ordering (C++20) weak_ordering (C++20) partial_ordering (C++20) common_comparison_category (C++20) compare_three_way_result (C++20) compare_three_way (C++20) strong_order (C++20) weak_order (C++20) partial_order (C++20) compare_strong_order_fallback (C++20) compare_weak_order_fallback (C++20) compare_partial_order_fallback (C++20)    is_eqis_neqis_ltis_lteqis_gtis_gteq (C++20)(C++20)(C++20)(C++20)(C++20)(C++20)

General utilities Date and time Function objects Formatting library (C++20) bitset hash (C++11) Relational operators (deprecated in C++20) rel_ops::operator!=rel_ops::operator> rel_ops::operator<=rel_ops::operator>= Integer comparison functions cmp_equalcmp_lesscmp_less_than (C++20)(C++20)(C++20)    cmp_not_equalcmp_greatercmp_greater_than (C++20)(C++20)(C++20) in_range (C++20) Swap and type operations swap ranges::swap (C++20) exchange (C++14) declval (C++11) to_underlying (C++23) forward (C++11) forward_like (C++23) move (C++11) move_if_noexcept (C++11) as_const (C++17) Common vocabulary types pair tuple (C++11) optional (C++17) any (C++17) variant (C++17) tuple_size (C++11) tuple_element (C++11) apply (C++17) make_from_tuple (C++17) expected (C++23) Elementary string conversions to_chars (C++17) from_chars (C++17) chars_format (C++17)

 

Variadic functions

va_start

va_arg

va_copy (C++11)

va_end

va_list

 

Defined in header <cstdarg>
T va_arg( std::va_list ap, T );

The va_arg macro expands to an expression of type T that corresponds to the next parameter from the va_list ap.

Prior to calling va_arg, ap must be initialized by a call to either va_start or va_copy, with no intervening call to va_end. Each invocation of the va_arg macro modifies ap to point to the next variable argument.

If the type of the next argument in ap (after promotions) is not compatible with T, the behavior is undefined, unless:

• one type is a signed integer type, the other type is the corresponding unsigned integer type, and the value is representable in both types; or
• one type is pointer to void and the other is a pointer to a character type (char, signed char, or unsigned char).

If va_arg is called when there are no more arguments in ap, the behavior is undefined.

Parameters

ap	-	an instance of the va_list type
T	-	the type of the next parameter in ap

Expanded value

the next variable parameter in ap

Example

Run this code

#include <cstdarg>
#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
 
void print_variance(std::size_t count, const char* fmt, ...)
{
    double sum = 0;
    double sum_sq = 0;
    std::va_list args;
    va_start(args, fmt);
    for (std::size_t i = count; i--;)
    {
        double num = va_arg(args, double);
        sum += num;
        sum_sq += num*num;
    }
    va_end(args);
    std::printf(fmt, sum_sq / count - (sum / count) * (sum / count));
}
 
void nano_printf(const char* fmt, ...)
{
    std::va_list args;
    va_start(args, fmt);
 
    for (const char* p = fmt; *p != '\0'; ++p)
    {
        switch(*p)
        {
        case '%':
            switch(*++p) // read format symbol
            {
            case 'i': std::cout << va_arg(args, int); continue;
            case 'f': std::cout << va_arg(args, double); continue;
            case 's': std::cout << va_arg(args, const char*); continue;
            case 'c': std::cout << static_cast<char>(va_arg(args, int)); continue;
            case '%': std::cout << '%'; continue;
            /* ...more cases... */
            }
            break; // format error...
        case '\n': std::cout << "\n"; continue;
        case '\t': std::cout << "\t"; continue;
        /* ...more cases... */
        }
        std::cout << *p;
    }
 
    va_end(args);
}
 
int main()
{
    print_variance(4, "%f\n", 25.0, 27.3, 26.9, 25.7);
    nano_printf("Args: %i%% %c%f %s\n", 42, '#', 3.14, "C++");
}

Output:

0.846875
Args: 42% #3.14 C++

See also

va_start	enables access to variadic function arguments (function macro)
va_copy (C++11)	makes a copy of the variadic function arguments (function macro)
va_end	ends traversal of the variadic function arguments (function macro)