Default initialization

 

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Initialization

Initializer

Default initialization

Value initialization

Direct initialization

Copy initialization

List initialization (C++11)

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Static initialization

Zero initialization

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Dynamic non-local initialization

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Member initializer list

Default member initializer (C++11)

 

This is the initialization performed when an object is constructed with no initializer.

Syntax

T object ;	(1)
new T	(2)

Explanation

Default initialization is performed in three situations:

1) when a variable with automatic, static, or thread-local storage duration is declared with no initializer;

2) when an object with dynamic storage duration is created by a new-expression with no initializer;

3) when a base class or a non-static data member is not mentioned in a constructor initializer list and that constructor is called.

The effects of default initialization are:

• if T is a (possibly cv-qualified) non-POD (until C++11) class type, the constructors are considered and subjected to overload resolution against the empty argument list. The constructor selected (which is one of the default constructors) is called to provide the initial value for the new object;
• if T is an array type, every element of the array is default-initialized;
• otherwise, no initialization is performed (see notes).

Default initialization of a const object

If a program calls for the default-initialization of an object of a const-qualified type T, T shall be a const-default-constructible class type or array thereof.

A class type T is const-default-constructible if default initialization of T would invoke a user-provided constructor of T (not inherited from a base class) (since C++11) or if

Only (possibly cv-qualified) non-POD class types (or arrays thereof) with automatic storage duration were considered to be default-initialized when no initializer is used. Scalars and POD types with dynamic storage duration were considered to be not initialized (since C++11, this situation was reclassified as a form of default initialization).

(until C++11)

each direct non-static data member M of T is of class type X (or array thereof), X is const-default-constructible, and T has no direct variant members, and

(until C++11)

each direct non-variant non-static data member M of T has a default member initializer or, if M is of class type X (or array thereof), X is const-default-constructible, if T is a union with at least one non-static data member, exactly one variant member has a default member initializer, if T is not a union, for each anonymous union member with at least one non-static data member (if any), exactly one non-static data member has a default member initializer, and

(since C++11)

each potentially constructed base class of T is const-default-constructible.

Read from an indeterminate byte

Use of an indeterminate value obtained by default-initializing a non-class variable of any type is undefined behavior (in particular, it may be a trap representation), except in the following cases:

• if an indeterminate value of type unsigned char or std::byte (since C++17) is assigned to another variable of type (possibly cv-qualified) unsigned char or std::byte (since C++17) (the value of the variable becomes indeterminate, but the behavior is not undefined);
• if an indeterminate value of type unsigned char or std::byte (since C++17) is used to initialize another variable of type (possibly cv-qualified) unsigned char or std::byte (since C++17);
• if an indeterminate value of type unsigned char or std::byte (since C++17) results from

• the second or third operand of a conditional expression,
• the right operand of the comma operator,
• the operand of a cast or conversion to (possibly cv-qualified) unsigned char or std::byte (since C++17),
• a discarded-value expression.

int f(bool b)
{
    int x;               // OK: the value of x is indeterminate
    int y = x;           // undefined behavior
    unsigned char c;     // OK: the value of c is indeterminate
    unsigned char d = c; // OK: the value of d is indeterminate
    int e = d;           // undefined behavior
    return b ? d : 0;    // undefined behavior if b is true
}

Notes

Default initialization of non-class variables with automatic and dynamic storage duration produces objects with indeterminate values (static and thread-local objects get zero initialized).

References and const scalar objects cannot be default-initialized.

Feature-test macro	Value	Std	Comment
__cpp_constexpr	201907L	(C++20)	Trivial default initialization and asm-declaration in constexpr functions

Example

Run this code

#include <string>
 
struct T1 { int mem; };
 
struct T2
{
    int mem;
    T2() { } // "mem" is not in the initializer list
};
 
int n; // static non-class, a two-phase initialization is done:
       // 1) zero initialization initializes n to zero
       // 2) default initialization does nothing, leaving n being zero
 
int main()
{
    int n;            // non-class, the value is indeterminate
    std::string s;    // class, calls default ctor, the value is "" (empty string)
    std::string a[2]; // array, default-initializes the elements, the value is {"", ""}
//  int& r;           // error: a reference
//  const int n;      // error: a const non-class
//  const T1 t1;      // error: const class with implicit default ctor
    T1 t1;            // class, calls implicit default ctor
    const T2 t2;      // const class, calls the user-provided default ctor
                      // t2.mem is default-initialized (to indeterminate value)
}

Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR	Applied to	Behavior as published	Correct behavior
CWG 178	C++98	there's no value-initialization; empty initializer invoke default-init (though new T() also performs zero-init)	empty initializer invoke value-init
CWG 253	C++98	default initialization of a const object could not call an implicitly declared default constructor	allowed if all subobjects are initialized
CWG 616	C++98	lvalue to rvalue conversion of any uninitialized object was always UB	indeterminate unsigned char is allowed
CWG 1787	C++98	read from an indeterminate unsigned char cached in a register was UB	made well-defined

See also

• converting constructor
• default constructor
• explicit
• initialization
  • aggregate initialization
  • constant initialization
  • copy initialization
  • direct initialization
  • list initialization
  • reference initialization
  • value initialization
  • zero initialization
• new