std::deque<T,Allocator>::back

reference back();	(1)
const_reference back() const;	(2)

Returns a reference to the last element in the container.

Calling back on an empty container causes undefined behavior.

Parameters

(none)

Return value

Reference to the last element.

Complexity

Constant.

Notes

For a non-empty container c, the expression c.back() is equivalent to *std::prev(c.end())

Example

The following code uses back to display the last element of a std::deque<char>:

Run this code

#include <deque>
#include <iostream>
 
int main()
{
    std::deque<char> letters {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'};
 
    if (!letters.empty())
        std::cout << "The last character is '" << letters.back() << "'.\n";
}

Output:

The last character is 'f'.

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deque::deque
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