std::ranges::prev

 

C++

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Iterator library

Iterator concepts
indirectly_readable (C++20) indirectly_writable (C++20) weakly_incrementable (C++20) incrementable (C++20) input_or_output_iterator (C++20) sentinel_for (C++20) sized_sentinel_for (C++20)	input_iterator (C++20) output_iterator (C++20) forward_iterator (C++20) bidirectional_iterator (C++20) random_access_iterator (C++20) contiguous_iterator (C++20)
Iterator primitives
iterator_traits input_iterator_tagoutput_iterator_tagforward_iterator_tagbidirectional_iterator_tagrandom_access_iterator_tagcontiguous_iterator_tag (C++20) iterator (deprecated in C++17)	incrementable_traits (C++20) indirectly_readable_traits (C++20) iter_value_titer_difference_titer_reference_titer_const_reference_titer_rvalue_reference_titer_common_reference_t (C++20)(C++20)(C++20)(C++23)(C++20)(C++20)
Algorithm concepts and utilities
Indirect callable concepts
indirectly_unary_invocableindirectly_regular_unary_invocable (C++20)(C++20)   indirect_unary_predicate (C++20)	indirect_binary_predicate (C++20) indirect_equivalence_relation (C++20) indirect_strict_weak_order (C++20)
Common algorithm requirements
indirectly_movable (C++20) indirectly_movable_storable (C++20) indirectly_copyable (C++20) indirectly_copyable_storable (C++20)	indirectly_swappable (C++20) indirectly_comparable (C++20) permutable (C++20) mergeable (C++20) sortable (C++20)
Utilities
indirect_result_t (C++20)	projected (C++20)
Iterator adaptors
reverse_iterator move_iterator (C++11) move_sentinel (C++20) common_iterator (C++20) counted_iterator (C++20) basic_const_iterator (C++23) const_iterator (C++23) const_sentinel (C++23) back_insert_iterator front_insert_iterator insert_iterator	make_reverse_iterator (C++14) make_move_iterator (C++11) default_sentinel_tdefault_sentinel (C++20)(C++20) unreachable_sentinel_tunreachable_sentinel (C++20)(C++20) make_const_iterator (C++23) make_const_sentinel (C++23) back_inserter front_inserter inserter
Stream iterators
istream_iterator ostream_iterator	istreambuf_iterator ostreambuf_iterator
Iterator customization points
ranges::iter_move (C++20)
ranges::iter_swap (C++20)
Iterator operations
advance distance prev (C++11) next (C++11)	ranges::advance (C++20) ranges::distance (C++20) ranges::prev (C++20) ranges::next (C++20)
Range access
begincbegin (C++11)(C++14) endcend (C++11)(C++14) sizessize (C++17)(C++20)	rbegincrbegin (C++14)(C++14) rendcrend (C++14)(C++14) empty (C++17) data (C++17)

 

Defined in header <iterator>
Call signature
template< std::bidirectional_iterator I > constexpr I prev( I i );	(1)	(since C++20)
template< std::bidirectional_iterator I > constexpr I prev( I i, std::iter_difference_t<I> n );	(2)	(since C++20)
template< std::bidirectional_iterator I > constexpr I prev( I i, std::iter_difference_t<I> n, I bound );	(3)	(since C++20)

Return the nth predecessor of iterator i

The function-like entities described on this page are niebloids, that is:

• Explicit template argument lists cannot be specified when calling any of them.
• None of them are visible to argument-dependent lookup.
• When any of them are found by normal unqualified lookup as the name to the left of the function-call operator, argument-dependent lookup is inhibited.

In practice, they may be implemented as function objects, or with special compiler extensions.

Parameters

i	-	an iterator
n	-	number of elements i should be descended
bound	-	iterator denoting the beginning of the range i points to

Return value

1) The predecessor of i

2) The nth predecessor of iterator i

3) The nth predecessor of iterator i, or the first iterator that compares equal to bound, whichever is first.

Complexity

1) Constant

2,3) Constant if I models std::random_access_iterator<I>; otherwise linear.

Possible implementation

struct prev_fn { template<std::bidirectional_iterator I> constexpr I operator()(I i) const { --i; return i; }   template< std::bidirectional_iterator I > constexpr I operator()(I i, std::iter_difference_t<I> n) const { ranges::advance(i, -n); return i; }   template<std::bidirectional_iterator I> constexpr I operator()(I i, std::iter_difference_t<I> n, I bound) const { ranges::advance(i, -n, bound); return i; } };   inline constexpr auto prev = prev_fn();

Notes

Although the expression --r.end() often compiles for containers, it is not guaranteed to do so: r.end() is an rvalue expression, and there is no iterator requirement that specifies that decrement of an rvalue is guaranteed to work. In particular, when iterators are implemented as pointers or its operator-- is lvalue-ref-qualified, --r.end() does not compile, while ranges::prev(r.end()) does.

This is further exacerbated by ranges that do not model ranges::common_range. For example, for some underlying ranges, ranges::transform_view::end doesn't have the same return type as ranges::transform_view::begin, and so --r.end() won't compile. This isn't something that ranges::prev can aid with, but there are workarounds.

Example

Run this code

#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
#include <vector>
 
int main() 
{
    std::vector<int> v{ 3, 1, 4 };
    auto pv = std::ranges::prev(v.end(), 2);
    std::cout << *pv << '\n';
 
    pv = std::ranges::prev(pv, 42, v.begin());
    std::cout << *pv << '\n';
}

Output:

1
3

See also

ranges::next (C++20)	increment an iterator by a given distance or to a bound (niebloid)
ranges::advance (C++20)	advances an iterator by given distance or to a given bound (niebloid)
prev (C++11)	decrement an iterator (function template)